Version History

See also the user visible changes for 5.29.

Download this CC Mode version.

There is a lot of change in this version, so it's considered experimental. It is however fairly well tested already since the developers have an extensive test suite to ensure correct syntactic analysis and font locking.

• Font lock support.

  CC Mode now provides font lock support for all its languages. This supersedes the font lock patterns that have been in the core font lock package for C, C++, Java and Objective-C. Like indentation, font locking is done in a uniform way across all languages (except the new AWK mode - see below). That means that the new font locking will be different from the old patterns in various details for most languages.

  The main goal of the font locking in CC Mode is accuracy, to provide a dependable aid in recognizing the various constructs. Some, like strings and comments, are easy to recognize while others, like declarations and types, can be very tricky. CC Mode can go to great lengths to recognize declarations and casts correctly, especially when the types aren't recognized by standard patterns. This is a fairly demanding analysis which can be slow on older hardware, and it can therefore be disabled by choosing a lower decoration level with the variable font-lock-maximum-decoration.

  Note that the most demanding font lock level has been tuned with lazy fontification in mind, i.e. there should be a support mode that waits with the fontification until the text is actually shown (e.g. Just-in-time Lock mode, which is the default in Emacs 21, or Lazy Lock mode). Fontifying a file with several thousand lines in one go can take the better part of a minute even on a fast system.

  • The (c|c++|objc|java|idl|pike)-font-lock-extra-types variables are now used by CC Mode to recognize identifiers that are certain to be types. (They are also used in cases that aren't related to font locking.) At the maximum decoration level, types are often recognized properly anyway, so these variables should be fairly restrictive and not contain patterns for uncertain types.

  • Support for documentation comments. There is a "plugin" system to fontify documentation comments like Javadoc and the markup within them. It's independent of the host language, so it's possible to e.g. turn on Javadoc font locking in C buffers. See the variable c-doc-comment-style for details.

    Currently two kinds of doc comment styles are recognized: Suns Javadoc and Autodoc which is used in Pike. This is by no means a complete list of the most common tools; if your doc comment extractor of choice is missing then please drop a note to bug-cc-mode@gnu.org.

  • Better handling of C++ templates. As a side effect of the more accurate font locking, C++ templates are now handled much better. The angle brackets that delimit them are given parenthesis syntax so that they can be navigated like other parens.

    This also improves indentation of templates, although there still is work to be done in that area. E.g. it's required that multiline template clauses are written in full and then refontified to be recognized, and the indentation of nested templates is a bit odd and not as configurable as it ought to be.

  • Especially the support for Objective-C and IDL has gotten an overhaul. The special "@" declarations in Objective-C are handled correctly. All the keywords used in CORBA IDL, PSDL, and CIDL are recognized and handled correctly, also wrt indentation.

• Support for the AWK language has been introduced. The implementation is based around GNU AWK version 3.1, but it should work pretty well with any AWK. As yet, not all features of CC Mode have been adapted for AWK. Here is a summary:

  • Indentation Engine

    The CC Mode indentation engine fully supports AWK mode.

    AWK mode handles code formatted in the conventional AWK fashion: {s which start actions, user-defined functions, or compound statements are placed on the same line as the associated construct; the matching }s are normally placed under the start of the respective pattern, function definition, or structured statement.

    The predefined indentation functions haven't yet been adapted for AWK mode, though some of them may work serendipitously. There shouldn't be any problems writing custom indentation functions for AWK mode.

    The command C-c C-q (c-indent-defun) hasn't yet been adapted for AWK, though in practice it works properly nearly all the time. Should it fail, explicitly set the region around the function (using C-u C-SPC: C-M-h probably won't work either) then do C-M-\ (indent-region).

  • Font Locking

    There is a single level of font locking in AWK mode, rather than the three distinct levels the other modes have. There are several idiosyncrasies in AWK mode's font-locking due to the peculiarities of the AWK language itself.

  • Comment Commands

    M-; (indent-for-comment) works fine. None of the other CC Mode comment formatting commands have yet been adapted for AWK mode.

  • Movement Commands

    Most of the movement commands work in AWK mode. The most important exceptions are M-a (c-beginning-of-statement) and M-e (c-end-of-statement) which haven't yet been adapted.

    The notion of "defun" has been augmented to include AWK pattern-action pairs. C-M-a (c-awk-beginning-of-defun) and C-M-e (c-awk-end-of-defun) recognise these pattern-action pairs, as well as user defined functions.

  • Auto-newline Insertion and Clean-ups

    Auto-newline insertion hasn't yet been adapted for AWK. Some of the clean-ups can actually convert good AWK code into syntactically invalid code. These features are best disabled in AWK buffers.

• New syntactic symbols in IDL mode. The top level constructs "module" and "composition" (from CIDL) are now handled like "namespace" in C++: They are given syntactic symbols module-open, module-close, inmodule, composition-open, composition-close, and incomposition.

• New lineup function c-lineup-string-cont which lines up a continued string under the one it continues. E.g:

  result = prefix + "A message "
                    "string.";      <- c-lineup-string-cont

• New functions to do hungry delete without enabling hungry delete mode. The functions c-hungry-backspace and c-hungry-delete-forward can be bound to keys to get this feature without toggling a mode. Contributed by Kevin Ryde.

• Better control over require-final-newline. It is now customizable on a per-mode basis through c-require-final-newline. The default is to set it to t only in languages that mandate a final newline in source files (C, C++ and Objective-C).

• Format change for syntactic context elements.

  The elements in the syntactic context returned by c-guess-basic-syntax and stored in c-syntactic-context has been changed somewhat to allow attaching more information. They are now lists instead of single cons cells. E.g. a line that previously had the syntactic analysis

  ((inclass . 11) (topmost-intro . 13))

  is now analysed as

  ((inclass 11) (topmost-intro 13))

  In some cases there can be more than one position given for a syntactic symbol.

  This change might affect code that call c-guess-basic-syntax directly, and custom lineup functions if they use c-syntactic-context. However, the argument given to lineup functions is still a single cons cell with nil or an integer in the cdr.

• API changes for derived modes.

  There have been extensive changes "under the hood" which can affect derived mode writers. Some of these changes are likely to cause incompatibilities with existing derived modes, but on the other hand care has now been taken to make it possible to extend and modify CC Mode with less risk of such problems in the future.

  • New language variable system. See the comment blurb near the top of cc-langs.el. An example of how to write a derived mode is also available.

  • New initialization functions. The initialization procedure has been split up into more functions to give better control: c-basic-common-init, c-font-lock-init, and c-init-language-vars.

• Compiled byte code is now (X)Emacs version specific. Previously byte compiled versions of CC Mode could be shared between major (X)Emacs versions to some extent. That is no longer the case since macros are now used extensively to adapt to (X)Emacs specific features without sacrificing performance.

Since the last open release was version 5.28, you probably want to check out the list of user visible changes for 5.29 too.